What is tumor markers ?

Tumor markers are substances found in blood, urine, saliva, or other bodily fluids that are produced either by tumor cells or by normal cells in response to cancer. The concentration or pattern of tumor markers can reflect the presence, progression, treatment response, and potential recurrence of cancer. Although tumor markers are not absolute diagnostic tools for cancer, they are valuable for early detection, monitoring treatment efficacy, and assessing prognosis.

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甲型胎兒蛋白 AFP

Alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) is a protein primarily produced by the fetal liver during pregnancy, and its levels are usually low in adults. Elevated AFP levels can be associated with liver cancer, certain embryonal cancers, and some conditions during pregnancy.

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癌胚抗原 CEA

Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) is a protein produced during fetal development, and its levels are typically low in the blood of adults. Elevated CEA levels are commonly associated with certain types of cancer, particularly gastrointestinal cancers like colon and rectal cancer.

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(攝護腺) 前列腺癌篩 PSA (男)

Prostate-specific antigen (PSA) is a protein secreted by prostate cells, primarily found in the blood. PSA testing is mainly used for screening and monitoring prostate cancer.

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乳癌篩檢 CA-153 (女)

CA 15-3 (Cancer Antigen 15-3) is a glycoprotein and one of the most commonly used tumor markers for breast cancer. It is primarily present on the surface of breast cancer cells but can also appear in other types of cancer and non-cancerous conditions. The detection of CA 15-3 is mainly used for monitoring treatment, assessing prognosis, and detecting recurrence in breast cancer patients.

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鱗狀上皮細胞癌 SCC

SCC antigen is a tumor marker produced by squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), which is a type of cancer that can occur in various parts of the body such as the skin, lungs, esophagus, and cervix. The SCC antigen is primarily used for the diagnosis and monitoring of SCC, particularly in tracking its progression.

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肺癌篩檢 Cyfra21-1

Cyfra 21-1 is a tumor marker found in the blood, primarily used to monitor and diagnose non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), as well as to assess tumor activity and response to treatment. It is a fragment of cytokeratin 19 (CK19) released during the breakdown of cancer cells, which can be detected in the blood of NSCLC patients.

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卵巢癌篩檢 (女) CA-125

CA 125 (Cancer Antigen 125) is a glycoprotein often elevated in ovarian cancer patients. It is secreted by ovarian cancer cells and is primarily used to monitor ovarian cancer diagnosis, treatment response, and recurrence risk. Although CA 125 is most commonly associated with ovarian cancer, it can also be elevated in other cancers and benign conditions.

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卵巢惡性腫瘤風險評估 (ROMA，Risk of Ovarian Malignancy Algorithm)

ROMA is a risk assessment algorithm that combines blood test results and clinical data to evaluate the likelihood of ovarian cancer. It integrates two tumor markers, CA 125 and HE4 (human epididymis protein 4), along with the patient's menopausal status to help physicians determine whether an ovarian tumor is benign or malignant.

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鼻咽癌篩檢 EB EA/NA IgA

EBV EA/NA IgA is a blood test primarily used for screening the risk of nasopharyngeal cancer (NPC) caused by Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV). NPC is closely associated with EBV infection, particularly in high-incidence regions like Southeast Asia. Therefore, EBV-related NPC screening is crucial for early detection in these areas.

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消化器官癌篩檢 CA-199

CA 19-9 (Cancer Antigen 19-9) is a glycoprotein secreted by tumors of the digestive system, particularly pancreatic cancer, bile duct cancer, and colorectal cancer. It is an important tumor marker currently used for diagnosing and monitoring gastrointestinal cancers, although it may also be elevated in certain benign conditions. Measuring CA 19-9 levels helps doctors with early cancer diagnosis, monitoring treatment effectiveness, and assessing the risk of recurrence.

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人類絨毛膜賀爾蒙 (女) β-hCG

β-hCG is a hormone secreted by the trophoblast cells of the placenta. It increases rapidly during the early stages of pregnancy and is commonly used for pregnancy testing as well as diagnosing certain diseases. For women, the β-hCG test is used not only to confirm pregnancy but also to diagnose and monitor some tumors.

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人類絨毛膜賀爾蒙 (男) β-hCG

β-hCG is typically secreted by the placenta, and under normal conditions, there should be no significant β-hCG present in the blood of men. If β-hCG levels are elevated in men, it may indicate certain tumor-related diseases or other pathological conditions.

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癌抗原72-4 CA72-4

CA 72-4 is a tumor-associated glycoprotein that is primarily used for the diagnosis and monitoring of gastric cancer, ovarian cancer, and other certain cancers. It is usually secreted during the tumor cell proliferation process, and its levels may rise significantly in some cancer patients.

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肝細胞腫瘤標記 PIVKA-II

PIVKA-II, also known as abnormal prothrombin, is a highly specific tumor marker for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). It is produced as an abnormal protein due to the impaired synthesis of prothrombin in cases of vitamin K deficiency or liver cancer.

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肺小細胞癌 NSE

NSE (Neuron-Specific Enolase)

NSE (Neuron-Specific Enolase) is a glycolytic enzyme primarily found in neuroendocrine cells and neurons. When these cells are damaged or undergo malignant transformation, NSE may be released into the bloodstream, making it a useful tumor marker.

Normal Range: <16.3 ng/mL

NSE is mainly used for the diagnosis and monitoring of neuroendocrine tumors, especially small cell lung cancer (SCLC) and neuroblastoma.

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胃泌素釋放胜肽前體ProGRP (Pro-Gastrin-Releasing Peptide)

ProGRP is a tumor marker primarily used for the diagnosis and treatment monitoring of small cell lung cancer (SCLC). It is the precursor of gastrin-releasing peptide (GRP), and ProGRP levels are often significantly elevated in patients with SCLC.

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膀胱癌篩檢NMP22

NMP22 is a tumor marker primarily used for screening and diagnosis of bladder cancer. It is released into the urine by bladder tumor cells, and its concentration is typically elevated in patients with bladder cancer. NMP22 testing is a non-invasive method that provides a convenient screening tool for high-risk populations and for post-surgical follow-up in bladder cancer patients.

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