Benzidine and Its Salts Work
Benzidine and Its Salts Work
Health Hazards
Benzidine
Acute: Causes severe allergic dermatitis and can be rapidly absorbed through the skin.
Chronic: Can cause hematuria (blood in urine), painful or difficult urination. It is a carcinogen that can lead to bladder cancer, and smoking increases the risk. May cause genetic mutations.
4-Aminobiphenyl
Acute: Contact with this substance irritates the skin.
Affects the blood's oxygen-carrying capacity (methemoglobinemia), causing headaches, dizziness, fatigue, increased heart rate, blue lips and skin, hematuria (blood in urine), and a burning sensation during urination. High concentrations can cause breathing difficulties, collapse, and even death.
Chronic: Can cause bladder cancer.
Irritates the bladder, causing painful urination and hematuria.
May damage the nervous system or brain, causing memory loss, personality changes, and balance issues, though there is no conclusive evidence.
4-Nitrobiphenyl
Acute: Causes eye irritation, skin irritation, headaches, fatigue, dizziness, breathing difficulties, unsteady gait, methemoglobinemia, burning urination, and acute hemorrhagic cystitis.
Chronic: Causes liver damage. Damages the nerves in the hands and feet.
β-Naphthylamine
Acute: Weakness, dizziness, euphoria, and breathing difficulties.
Irritates the skin and eyes.
Causes methemoglobinemia, turning the skin and mucous membranes blue.
Inhalation of its dust and vapor can cause hemorrhagic cystitis.
Chronic: Rapid pulse, discomfort, painful urination, hematuria.
Increases the risk of bladder cancer.
People with skin diseases, liver disease, lymphatic system issues, and kidney disease are more susceptible.
3,3’-Dichlorobenzidine
Acute: Causes skin allergies, dermatitis, and corrosive skin burns. Causes headaches or dizziness. Severe eye irritation.
Chronic: Causes hematuria, painful urination, frequent urination. May lead to bladder cancer.
α-Naphthylamine
Acute: Causes mild skin and eye irritation.
Chronic: Causes headaches, dizziness, euphoria, weakness, muscle coordination issues (ataxia), blue skin and mucous membranes (due to methemoglobinemia), breathing difficulties, hematuria, painful or frequent urination.
Long-term exposure to naphthylamine-containing products (4-10% α-naphthylamine) increases the risk of bladder cancer.
There is controversial evidence that α-naphthylamine caused liver, bladder, lung, and lymphatic cancers in rats and dogs fed or injected with the substance. Additionally, some metabolites of α-naphthylamine have shown carcinogenicity in animals (e.g., N-hydroxy-α-naphthylamine caused bladder cancer in rats, and 1-nitroso-α-naphthylamine caused tumors in rats).
Suggestions:
Level 1 Management: No specific regulations.
Level 2-4 Management:
For 4-Aminobiphenyl and its salts, 4-Nitrobiphenyl and its salts, and α-Naphthylamine and its salts, consider health conditions unsuitable for this type of work, such as bladder diseases and health protection for pregnant workers.
For 3,3’-Dichlorobenzidine and its salts, consider health conditions such as kidney and urinary tract diseases, skin conditions, and health protection for pregnant workers.
For Benzidine and its salts and β-Naphthylamine and its salts, consider health conditions such as kidney and urinary tract diseases, liver diseases, skin conditions, and health protection for pregnant workers.
Health Hazards
Benzidine
Acute: Causes severe allergic dermatitis and can be rapidly absorbed through the skin.
Chronic: Can cause hematuria (blood in urine), painful or difficult urination. It is a carcinogen that can lead to bladder cancer, and smoking increases the risk. May cause genetic mutations.
4-Aminobiphenyl
Acute: Contact with this substance irritates the skin.
Affects the blood's oxygen-carrying capacity (methemoglobinemia), causing headaches, dizziness, fatigue, increased heart rate, blue lips and skin, hematuria (blood in urine), and a burning sensation during urination. High concentrations can cause breathing difficulties, collapse, and even death.
Chronic: Can cause bladder cancer.
Irritates the bladder, causing painful urination and hematuria.
May damage the nervous system or brain, causing memory loss, personality changes, and balance issues, though there is no conclusive evidence.
4-Nitrobiphenyl
Acute: Causes eye irritation, skin irritation, headaches, fatigue, dizziness, breathing difficulties, unsteady gait, methemoglobinemia, burning urination, and acute hemorrhagic cystitis.
Chronic: Causes liver damage. Damages the nerves in the hands and feet.
β-Naphthylamine
Acute: Weakness, dizziness, euphoria, and breathing difficulties.
Irritates the skin and eyes.
Causes methemoglobinemia, turning the skin and mucous membranes blue.
Inhalation of its dust and vapor can cause hemorrhagic cystitis.
Chronic: Rapid pulse, discomfort, painful urination, hematuria.
Increases the risk of bladder cancer.
People with skin diseases, liver disease, lymphatic system issues, and kidney disease are more susceptible.
3,3’-Dichlorobenzidine
Acute: Causes skin allergies, dermatitis, and corrosive skin burns. Causes headaches or dizziness. Severe eye irritation.
Chronic: Causes hematuria, painful urination, frequent urination. May lead to bladder cancer.
α-Naphthylamine
Acute: Causes mild skin and eye irritation.
Chronic: Causes headaches, dizziness, euphoria, weakness, muscle coordination issues (ataxia), blue skin and mucous membranes (due to methemoglobinemia), breathing difficulties, hematuria, painful or frequent urination.
Long-term exposure to naphthylamine-containing products (4-10% α-naphthylamine) increases the risk of bladder cancer.
There is controversial evidence that α-naphthylamine caused liver, bladder, lung, and lymphatic cancers in rats and dogs fed or injected with the substance. Additionally, some metabolites of α-naphthylamine have shown carcinogenicity in animals (e.g., N-hydroxy-α-naphthylamine caused bladder cancer in rats, and 1-nitroso-α-naphthylamine caused tumors in rats).
Suggestions:
Level 1 Management: No specific regulations.
Level 2-4 Management:
For 4-Aminobiphenyl and its salts, 4-Nitrobiphenyl and its salts, and α-Naphthylamine and its salts, consider health conditions unsuitable for this type of work, such as bladder diseases and health protection for pregnant workers.
For 3,3’-Dichlorobenzidine and its salts, consider health conditions such as kidney and urinary tract diseases, skin conditions, and health protection for pregnant workers.
For Benzidine and its salts and β-Naphthylamine and its salts, consider health conditions such as kidney and urinary tract diseases, liver diseases, skin conditions, and health protection for pregnant workers.